is the ionian sea part of the mediterranean

Ionian Sea | Islands, Location, Facts, Italy, & Map | Britannica [204] The Congress of Vienna also created the Kingdom of LombardyVenetia which encompassed the city of Venice, the surrounding coast and a substantial hinterland, and was controlled by Austria. [111], The Adriatic Sea ecosystem is threatened by excessive input of nutrients through drainage from agricultural land and wastewater flowing from cities; this includes both along its coast and from rivers draining into the seaespecially from the Po River. [167] Brundisium and Dyrrachium remained important ports well after the Roman period, but an earthquake in the 3rd century AD changed the path of a river causing Apollonia's harbor to silt up, and the city to decline. [111] In addition, Albania is home to two Ramsar wetland reserves: Karavasta Lagoon, and Butrint. Among the largest are (counterclockwise) Trieste, Venice, Rimini, Ancona, Pescara and Bari in Italy; Vlor and Durrs in Albania; Split, Zadar and Rijeka in Croatia; Koper in Slovenia. About this book. [170] When the Western Empire fell in 476 AD Ravenna became the capital of the Ostrogothic Kingdom of Italy. ", "Fishery and Aquaculture Country Profiles Italy", "Glavni plan i strategija razvoja turizma Republike Hrvatske", "International tourism in the coastal regions of five Mediterranean countries", "Barcolana, the largest regatta in the world is presented in London", "Intervju: Naelnik opine Neum dr. ivko Matuko za BH. Origin and chronology of the Augias deposit in the Ionian Sea (Central The Ionian Sea (IS) is a crucial basin connecting the Levantine Basin to the southern Adriatic Sea (which is the traditional "engine" of the Eastern Mediterranean internal conveyor belt, being the main and historical contributor to the deep and bottom waters of the Ionian and Levantine basins) from which the Adriatic Deep Water (ADW) exits cross. [75] Earthquakes have been observed in the region since the earliest historical records. [77] Historical earthquakes in the area include the 1627 Gargano peninsula and the 1667 Dubrovnik earthquakes, both followed by strong tsunamis. [184] The Adriatic coastline controlled by the Ottoman Empire was reduced by the Congress of Berlin in 1878, through recognition of the independence of the Principality of Montenegro, which controlled the coast south of the Bay of Kotor to the Bojana River. This sea in Greece is also home to the deepest part of the Mediterranean, called Calyspo Deep. What is the Difference Between Democrats and Republicans. For other uses, see, *Beds in all collective accommodation facilities; includes "Hotel beds" figure also shown separately. For more information see www.accobams.org See also our photo gallery Main threats: Copyright HarperCollins Publishers Ionian Sea in American English section of the Mediterranean, between Greece, Sicily, & the S part of the Italian peninsula Webster's New World College Dictionary, 4th Edition. They are formed in different ways and vary in size, with the larger ones referred to as seas, bights, and gulfs. [179][180] In addition, the Papal States were carved out in the area around Rome and central Italy in the 8th century. [157] Greek colonisation of the Adriatic dates back to the 7th and 6th centuries BC when Epidamnos and Apollonia were founded. The amphidromic point is at the mid-width east of Ancona. In the Late Oligocene, the Italian Peninsula first formed, separating the Adriatic Basin from the rest of the Mediterranean. The treaty reversed all wartime annexations, guaranteed the independence of Albania, created the Free Territory of Trieste (FTT) as a city-state, and gave communist Yugoslavia most of the Slovenian Littoral, as well as Istria, the islands of Cres, Lastovo and Palagrua, and the cities of Zadar and Rijeka. [262], Rimini is a major seaside tourist resort in Italy, The Barcolana regatta in Trieste, Italy, was named "the greatest sailing race" by the Guinness World Record for its 2,689 boats and over 16,000 sailors on the starting line. [121] Telaica is a nature park established on Dugi Otok in 1988. On the Mesozoic Ionian Basin - Oxford Academic [208] Following the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 and the CroatianHungarian Settlement of 1868, the control of much of the eastern Adriatic coast was redefined. Maritime transport is also a significant branch of the area's economythere are 19 seaports in the Adriatic that each handle more than a million tonnes of cargo per year. [218] After sixteen months of the Regency's existence, the 1920 Treaty of Rapallo redefined the ItalianYugoslav borders, among other things transferring Zadar and the islands of Cres, Lastovo and Palagrua to Italy, securing the island of Krk for Yugoslavia and establishing the Free State of Fiume; this new state was abolished in 1924 by the Treaty of Rome that awarded Fiume (modern Rijeka) to Italy and Suak to Yugoslavia. Updates? The causes are a decrease in sedimentation rate due to loss of sediment behind dams, the deliberate excavation of sand for industrial purposes, agricultural use of water, and removal of ground water.[64][65]. The most common species are Cymodocea nodosa and Zostera noltii, while Zostera marina and Posidonia oceanica are comparatively rare. By the 2nd century BC, the shores were under Rome's control. Sine the sea is located in the transition zone between the sea and the ocean, it contains a mix of Atlantic and Mediterranean species. The Central Adriatic is especially abundant in endemic plant species, with 535 identified species of green, brown and red algae. The Cilician Sea and the Levantine Sea are the other minor subdivisions of the Mediterranean Sea. Etymology The name Ionian comes from the Greek word Ionion (). The Aegean Sea is further subdivided into the Myrtoan Sea, Thracian Sea, Sea of Crete, and the Icarian Sea. [97], The unique nature of the Adriatic gives rise to an abundance of endemic flora and fauna. Hydrographic characteristics of water masses and - ScienceDirect [196] The 17th century's final territorial changes were caused by the Morean or Sixth OttomanVenetian War, when in 1699 Venice slightly enlarged its possessions in Dalmatia. [165] During Caesar's Civil War, there was a three-month delay in Caesar's Balkan campaign against Pompey caused when winter storms on the Adriatic and a naval blockade held up Mark Antony from reaching him from Brundisium with reinforcements; after the reinforcements finally arrived Caesar made an unsuccessful attempt to capture Dyrrachium before the campaign moved inland. The largest Adriatic seaport by annual cargo turnover is the Port of Trieste, while the Port of Split is the largest Adriatic seaport by passengers served per year. The list includes: Sea of Sardinia: It is located between the Italian island of Sardinia and the Spanish Balearic Islands. [148][149], Another source of pollution of the Adriatic is solid waste. The ports along the seas eastern coast include Argostoli, Astakos, Igoumenitsa, Kerkyra, Kyparissia, Parga, Patra, Preveza, and Pylos. 27 such hotspots have been determined as of 2011, 6 warranting an urgent response. The Ionian Sea, located south of Adriatic Sea, is an elongated embayment in the Mediterranean Sea. [3] The sea is bounded by the island of Sicily, the Salento Peninsula, and Calabria of southern Italy, in the west. [245], The countries bordering the Adriatic Sea are significant tourist destinations. [72], An active 200-kilometre (120mi) fault has been identified to the northwest of Dubrovnik, adding to the Dalmatian islands as the Eurasian Plate slides over the Adriatic microplate. [245] In 2003, 28.8% of Italian fisheries production volume was generated in the Northern and central Adriatic, and 24.5% in Apulia (from the Southern Adriatic and Ionian Sea). [52] During particularly cold winters, sea ice may appear in the Adriatic's shallow coastal areas, especially in the Venetian Lagoon but also in isolated shallows as far south as Tisno (south of Zadar). The deepest point of the Sea of Sardinia is 3,000 meters. The seven islands are, from north to south: Kerkyra () usually known as Corfu in English and Corf in Italian Paxi () also known as Paxos in English Lefkada () also known as Lefkas in English Ithaki () usually known as Ithaca in English [131] The kocjan Inlet Nature Reserve was established in 1998 and covers 122 hectares (300 acres). [263], The Zlatni Rat (Golden Cape) on the island of Bra, The Palace of the Emperor Diocletian in Split, The coast of Neum, the only town to be situated along Bosnia and Herzegovina's 20km (12mi) of coastline, Portoro is the largest seaside tourist centre in Slovenia. The Greeks soon expanded further north establishing several cities, including Ancona, Black Corcyra, Epidaurus, Issa, with trade established as far north as the Po River delta, where the emporion (trading station) of Adria was founded. Ionian Sea definition: the part of the Mediterranean Sea between SE Italy , E Sicily , and Greece | Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples The surface water temperatures generally range from 30C (86F) in summer to 12C (54F) in winter, significantly moderating the Adriatic Basin's climate. [250] Turtles and common bottlenose dolphins are also being killed by fishing nets. The Ionian Sea, located south of Adriatic Sea, is an elongated embayment in the Mediterranean Sea. Italy and Yugoslavia agreed on their maritime boundaries by 1975 and this boundary is recognised by Yugoslavia's successor states, but the maritime boundaries between Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro are still disputed. Moreover, the Adriatic's long and narrow rectangular shape is the source of an oscillating water motion (French: seiche) along the basin's minor axis. Sediments deposited in the Adriatic Sea today generally come from the northwest coast, being carried by the Po, Reno, Adige, Brenta, Tagliamento, Piave and Soa rivers. [98] Four out of five Mediterranean seagrass species are found in the Adriatic Sea. [168], Another city on the Italian coast of the Adriatic that increased in importance during the Roman era was Ravenna. [142] An additional risk is presented by oil refineries in the Po River basin where oil spills have occurred before,[143] in addition to accidents occurring in the Adriatic already, so far with no significant environmental consequences. If this movement continues, the seafloor will be completely consumed and the Adriatic Sea closed off in 5070million years. [9] The International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) defines the boundary between the Adriatic and the Ionian seas as a line running from the Butrinto River's mouth (latitude 3944'N) in Albania to the Karagol Cape in Corfu, through this island to the Kephali Cape (these two capes are in latitude 3945'N), and on to the Santa Maria di Leuca Cape (latitude 3948'N). [132] The Debeli Rti natural monument covers 24 hectares (59 acres),[133] the Cape Madona natural monument covers 12 hectares (30 acres),[134] and the Lakes in Fiesa natural monument, with the coastal lake as the only brackish lake in Slovenia,[135] covers 2.1 hectares (5.2 acres). Sulla used it during the First Mithridatic War. Water Masses in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea: An Analysis - Springer Ionian Sea Ionian Sea, part of the Mediterranean Sea, S Europe, between Greece and S Italy. The drainage basin's mean elevation is 782 metres (2,566ft) above sea level, with a mean slope of 12.1. [23] The Croatian islands include the largestCres and Krk, each covering about the same area of 405.78 square kilometres (156.67sqmi)and the tallestBra, whose peak reaches 780 metres (2,560ft) above sea level. The last major tuna catch was made there in 1954 by the fishermen from Santa Croce, Contovello and Barcola. [140] A further risk is presented by ballast water discharge by ships, especially tankers. The Tyrrhenian Sea is located off Italys western coast and is a part of the Mediterranean Sea. The sea is also notable for being one of the worlds most seismically active areas. [34] The coastal currents on the opposite shore are far more complex owing to the jagged shoreline, several large islands and the proximity of the Dinaric Alps to the shore. [233][241] Croatia's application to become an EU member state was initially suspended pending resolution of its border disputes with Slovenia. [99], A number of rare and threatened species are also found along the Adriatic's eastern coast; it is relatively clearer and less polluted than the western Adriatic coastin part because the sea currents flow through the Adriatic in a counterclockwise direction, thus bringing clearer waters up the eastern coast and returning increasingly polluted water down the western coast. [291] The discovery was followed by further surveys off the Croatian coast. [209] The Ottoman Empire lost all territories along the Adriatic following the First Balkan War and consequent 1913 Treaty of London that established an independent Albania. This article about a specific oceanic location or ocean current is a stub. The rate of coastal zone progradation between 1000 BC and 1200 AD was 4 metres (13ft) per year. The Ionian Sea is an arm of the Mediterranean Sea between western Greece and southern Italy. The Sea of Crete and Thracian Sea are both a part of the Aegean Sea whereas the Aegean Sea is a part of the Mediterranean Sea. [177] The end of the period brought about the Holy Roman Empire's control over the Kingdom of Italy (which would last until the Peace of Westphalia in 1648),[178] the establishment of an independent Kingdom of Croatia and the Byzantine Empire's return to the southern Apennine peninsula. [227] The period also saw the Adriatic Sea as the theatre of several NATO operations, including the blockade of Yugoslavia,[citation needed] intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the 1999 bombing of Yugoslavia. [74] In the Middle Adriatic Basin, there is evidence of Permian volcanism in the area of Komia on the island of Vis and the volcanic islands of Jabuka and Brusnik. The main Ionian ports are Syracuse and Catania (Sicily), Taranto (Italy), Corfu (Ionian Islands), and Ptrai (Greece). Located in Southern Europe, the Ionian Sea is an elongated embayment of the Mediterranean Sea. Ionian Basin | basin, Mediterranean Sea | Britannica An advance began after the Last Glacial Maximum, which brought the Adriatic to a high point at about 5,500 years ago. [154], Settlements along the Adriatic dating to between 6100 and 5900 BC appear in Albania and Dalmatia on the eastern coast, related to the Cardium pottery culture. This is where you will find a cluster of islands, aptly named the Ionian Islands. On 10 February 2020 Victor Vescovo and Prince Albert II of Monaco reached the bottom of the Calypso Deep at a newly calculated depth of 5,109m (16,762ft) 1m (3ft) using multiple direct measurement sensors. In the 17th century, the delta began to become a human-controlled environment, as the excavation of artificial channels started; the channels and new distributaries of the Po have been prograding at rates of 50 metres (160ft) per year or more since then. [210], The World War I Adriatic Campaign was largely limited to blockade attempts by the Allies and the effort of the Central Powers to thwart the British, French and Italian moves. The Alboran Sea is the Mediterranean Seas westernmost portion. [213] In 1918, the Montenegrin national assembly voted to unite with the Kingdom of Serbia, giving the latter access to the Adriatic. It is the northernmost arm of the Mediterranean Sea and has a surface area of around 138,000 km2. Mare Ionio) - is located in the central part of the Mediterranean basin, located between the Balkan and Apennine peninsulas and the islands of Crete and Sicily.The sea was praised by Homer and found a place in the annals of the ancient Romans. Krkira and Ptrai (Greece) and Catania and Taranto (Italy) are the chief ports. When tides are predicted to rise above 110 centimetres (43in), the pontoons will be filled with air and block the incoming water from the Adriatic Sea. In January 2020, Caladan Oceanic commenced its second year of deep diving with the deep-submergence vehicle Limiting Factor, piloted by Victor Vescovo. Brundisium was linked by the Via Appia road to the city of Rome, and Dyrrachium and Apollonia were both on the Via Egnatia, a road that by about 130 BC the Romans had extended eastward across the Balkans to Byzantium (later Constantinople, now Istanbul). The SAG measures 150 kilometres (93 miles) in diameter. The Gulf of Taranto and the Gulf of Corinth are its chief arms. The Ionian Sea is an expanse of deep blue waters, stretching for an area of about 215,000 square kilometers and boasting a maximum depth of over 3,000 meters. This dispute was exacerbated by the peninsula's occupation by the Yugoslav People's Army and later by the (SerbianMontenegrin) FR Yugoslav Army, which in turn was replaced by a United Nations observer mission that lasted until 2002. [96] Its main biogeographic units are the Northern Adriatic, the Central Adriatic, and the Southern Adriatic. [37] Such flooding is caused by a combination of factors, including the alignment of the Sun and Moon, meteorological factors such as sirocco related storm surges,[38] and the basin's geometric shape (which amplifies or reduces the astronomical component). The sea has a maximum depth of 12,418 feet. The volume of sediments carried from the eastern shore by the Rjeina, Zrmanja, Krka, Cetina, Ombla, Dragonja, Mirna, Raa and Neretva rivers is negligible, because these sediments are mostly deposited at the river mouths. [3] The two terms were not synonymous, however. [85][86], There are alternations of maritime and alluvial sediments occurring in the Po Valley, at the Adriatic's north-west coast, and as far west as Piacenza, dating to the Pleistocene as the sea advanced and receded over the valley. [257] Adriatic tourism is a significant source of income for these countries, especially in Croatia and Montenegro where the tourism income generated along the Adriatic coast represents the bulk of such income. Mare Ionium, Greek.Ionic pelagos, Ital. [293] As of January 2012, only 200exploration wells had been sunk off the Croatian coast, with all but 30 in the Northern Adriatic basin. Before the breakup of Yugoslavia, Albania, Italy and Yugoslavia initially proclaimed 15-nautical-mile (28km; 17mi) territorial waters, subsequently reduced to international-standard 12 nautical miles (22km; 14mi) and all sides adopted baseline systems (mostly in the 1970s). [233], Croatia and Slovenia started negotiations to define maritime borders in the Gulf of Piran in 1992 but failed to agree, resulting in a dispute. These are particularly due to or dependent upon the karst morphology of the coastal or submarine topography; this includes inhabiting subterranean habitats, karst rivers, and areas around freshwater springs. [233] Following Croatian EU membership, the Adriatic became an internal sea of the EU. [161] However, resistance to Roman rule continued sporadically and Rome did not completely consolidate control of the region until Augustus's general Tiberius put down the Great Illyrian Revolt, a bitter struggle waged from 6 to 9 AD. It is surrounded by a stunning landscape of mountains, including the Apennines in Italy and the Pindus Mountains in Greece. The name comes from the Greek language, but its origin is unknown. In total, more than 3.5million people live on the Adriatic coasts. [280], Natural gas is produced through several projects, including a joint venture of the Eni and INA companies that operates two platformsone is in Croatian waters and draws gas from six wells, and the other (which started operating in 2010) is located in Italian waters. The maximum depth of the Strait of Sicily is 1,037 feet. [123] The Mljet national park was established in 1960, covering a 24-square-kilometre (9.3sqmi) marine protection area. Ionian Sea definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary The territory was turned back over to France after the Peace of Pressburg in 1805 when the territory in the Po valley became an integral part of the new Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy. [187] Still, the 1381 Treaty of Turin that ended the war required Venice to renounce claims to Dalmatia, after losing the territory to Hungary in 1358. It separates the African nations of Morocco and Spanish Ceuta from the European nations of Peninsular Spain and Gibraltar. [88] In the 12th century, the delta advanced at a rate of 25 metres (82ft) per year. In the Greek waters, 13 species have been recorded to the present time: 8 permanent residents and 5 visitors. During the reign of Augustus, it became a major naval base as part of his program to re-organize the Roman navy to better protect commerce in the Mediterranean. The greatest portion of the discharge from any single river comes from the Po (28%),[44] with an average discharge from it alone of 1,569 cubic metres per second (55,400cuft/s). [100] Basking sharks[103] and manta rays are some of migrant species to the sea. Ionian Sea | SpringerLink The total fisheries output's gross value in 2002 was $1.9billion. The Ionian Islands lie in its eastern part. 1). Several other seas are regarded to be part of the Mediterranean Sea. Tyrrhenian Sea | Italy, Islands, & Map | Britannica Numerous ferry routes cross the northern and eastern parts of the Ionian Sea. U.S. Navy Fighter Jet Blown Off Aircraft Carrier Into Mediterranean Sea It also divides the Italian and the Balkan Peninsula. [290], In the 2000s, investigation works aimed at discovering gas and oil reserves in the Middle and Southern Adriatic basins intensified, and by the decade's end, oil and natural gas reserves were discovered southeast of the Bari, BrindisiRovesti and Giove oil discoveries. [256] As of January 2012, the Blue Flag has been awarded to 103 Italian Adriatic beaches and 29 marinas, 116 Croatian beaches and 19 marinas, 7 Slovenian beaches and 2 marinas, and 16 Montenegrin beaches. Corrections? The park covers a total of 12,570 hectares (31,100 acres). [1][2] Which Water Bodies Surround Greece? - WorldAtlas All maps, graphics, flags, photos and original descriptions 2023 worldatlas.com, The Major Subdivisions Of The Mediterranean Sea, Biggest Islands In The Mediterranean Sea By Area, The 10 Most Populous Country Subdivisions In The World. The sinking of Venice slowed after artesian wells were banned in the 1960s, but the city remains threatened by the acqua alta floods. [222], During the Cold War, the Adriatic Sea became the southernmost flank of the Iron Curtain as Italy joined NATO,[223] while the Warsaw Pact established bases in Albania. In the Late Oligocene, the motion was reversed and the Apennine Mountains' orogeny took place. The choice of the Ionian Sea is due to its key role in the dynamics of and in the water exchange processes occurring inside the Mediterranean Sea. [111][112] The Miramare protected area was established in 1986 and covers 30 hectares (74 acres) of coast and 90 hectares (220 acres) of sea. [221] The FTT was partitioned in 1954: Trieste itself and the area to the North of it were placed under Italian control, while the rest came under Yugoslav control. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Through that process, the Adriatic Sea produces most of the East Mediterranean deep water. [159][160] Those wars ended with the eastern shore becoming a province of the Roman Republic. [136], In 2010, Albania established its first marine protection area, the Karaburun-Sazan National Marine Park at the Karaburun Peninsula where the Adriatic and Ionian Seas meet. Enter the length or pattern for better results. The proponents of the new union in the Croatian parliament saw the move as a safeguard against Italian expansionism as stipulated in the Treaty of London. Adriatic Sea | Mediterranean, Croatia, Italy, & Map | Britannica [109] There are 45 known subspecies endemic to the Adriatic's coasts and islands. [82], The largest part of the eastern coast consists of carbonate rocks, while flysch (a particular type of sedimentary rock) is significantly represented in the Gulf of Trieste coast, especially along Slovenia's coast where the 80-metre (260ft) Strunjan cliffthe highest cliff on the entire Adriatic and the only one of its type on the eastern Adriatic coastis located,[83] on the Kvarner Gulf coast opposite Krk, and in Dalmatia north of Split. [151][152], Italy and Yugoslavia established a joint commission to protect the Adriatic Sea from pollution in 1977; the organization later changed with Slovenia, Croatia and Montenegro replacing Yugoslavia. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. [41][42][43], It is estimated that the Adriatic's entire volume is exchanged through the Strait of Otranto in 3.40.4years, a comparatively short period. To the south, the Tyrrhenian Sea is bounded by the island of Sicily. The Adriatic Sea, Italy - Florence Inferno The Crossword Solver found 30 answers to "Part of the Mediterranean Sea (6)", 6 letters crossword clue. Coccolithophore export in three deep-sea sites of the Aegean and Ionian [113] The Torre del Cerrano protected area was created in 2009, extending 3 nautical miles (5.6km; 3.5mi) into the sea and along 7 kilometres (4.3mi) of coastline. The Battle of Actium is a famous naval battle that was fought between Marc Antony and Octavian, took place in the Ionian Sea in 31 BCE. Privrednik", Ministry of Tourism, Cultural Affairs, Youth and Sports (Albania), "Tourism Hotels, Slovenia, 20082010 final data", "Traffic of ships, passengers and goods by harbour master's offices and statistical ports, 2008", "Slovenia's Luka Koper 2011 Cargo Throughput Up 11%", "Signed the founding of the NAPA in Trieste, Rijeka is expected to join in", Ministry of Maritime Affairs, Transport and Infrastructure (Croatia), "Annamaria offshore oil rig starts trial run", "Natural gas reserves in the Adriatic may be up to 100 billion cubic meters", "Istraivanje i proizvodnja ugljikovodika u Hrvatskoj", "Petroleum Systems of the Po Basin Province of Northern Italy and the Northern Adriatic Sea", "Northern Petroleum to expand exploration of Rovesti and Giove oil discoveries", "New Commercial Oil Discovery at Rovesti Structure in South Adriatic and its Importance for Croatian Part of Adriatic Basin", "Milanovi ponitio Kosoriin natjeaj za istraivanje nafte i plina", "Oceanographic Time Series in the Adriatic Sea", Region 5 Western Africa, Mediterranean, Black Sea Nautical Charts, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adriatic_Sea&oldid=1162385907, This page was last edited on 28 June 2023, at 20:08.

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